Japan’s Gender Imbalance

Stark Gap in Gender Equality

The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2015 marks the tenth year the organization has released its influential index, with the anniversary edition comparing how countries fared in gender equality over the last decade. Published annually since 2006, the report compares levels of gender-based disparity around the globe using the four indicators of economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. Each country’s overall level of gender equality is calculated based on various subcategories, with one being the highest possible score.

Japan, at 101st, lags far behind fellow G7 countries, with Germany (11th) leading followed by France (15th), Britain (18th), the United States (28th), Canada (30th), and Italy (41st). Even in Asia, Japan falls in the bottom half, coming in behind China (91st) and just ahead of India (108th) and South Korea (115th).

Japan ranked 79th in the inaugural index with a score of 0.645, but despite the country improving its tally marginally to 0.670 over the last ten years, its positon has slid more than 20 spots. Many point to the country’s failure to enact initiatives addressing gender inequality that are in line with general trends worldwide.

Disparity Prominent in Political and Economic Realms

According to the report, Japan scores favorably to rank among leading countries in the fields of education and health, but lags significantly behind in political empowerment and economic participation and opportunity.

Japan’s Political and Economic Gender Gap

	2006	2015	2015 Rank
Wage equality for similar work(Male value is 1)	0.62	0.65	69
Legislators, senior officials, and managers	10%	9%	116
Women in parliament	9%	9%	125
Women in ministerial positions	13%	22%	51

The percentage of women lawmakers, senior officials, and managers declined a point to 9% over the last decade, ranking Japan near the bottom. To break into the top 50 the country will need to raise its ratio to 35%, a difficult prospect. Similarly, Japan must boosts its ratio of women in parliament from the current 9% to 26% just to make it to 50th. The one bright spot in the category has been women in ministerial positions, which has climbed nine percentage points to 22% since 2006.

Japanese Men Neglect Household Chores

The table below lists domestic- and employment-related data for Japan and several leading European countries. Compared to France and Finland, which have high levels of labor equality, Japan’s ratio of nonregular employees is disproportionately higher for women at 33.4%. Looking at housework, Japanese men spend roughly half the amount of time on domestic chores as their counterparts overseas, illustrating how traditional gender roles of working husband and stay-at-home wife remain firmly rooted in society.

Housework and Nonregular Employment: Japan and Leading European Countries

	Nonregular Employment (female/male)	Minutes a day spent on housework (female/male)
Japan (overall score 0.670, 101st)	33.4%, 10.1%	299, 62
Poland (0.715, 51st)	12.2%, 4.7%	296, 157
Italy (0.726, 41st)	31.1%, 7.1%	315, 104
Canada (0.740, 30th)	26.5%, 11.8%	254, 160
France (0.761, 15th)	9.7%, 10.0%	233, 143
Finland (0.850, 3rd)	16.4%, 9.5%	232, 159

Male-Centric Labor Practices

Kashima Takashi, chair of the Japan Association for the Advancement of Working Women, stresses that Japanese work culture still revolves around fulltime male employees working long hours. He also points to the country’s lack of a support system for mothers wanting to return to work after giving birth, which places women in the difficult situation of having to choose between either forging a career or becoming a stay-at-home mom. While some firms have increased the number of women in managerial positions, he notes many female managers remain either unwed or are married but have chosen not to have children. The situation in the political realm is equally dire and Kashima suggests setting gender quotas for proportional representation seats to increase the number of women in parliament.

In August 2015 the Diet passed new legislation to address gender equality in the workplace. The law introduces a variety of new regulations, including requiring companies with 301 or more employees to establish action plans for empowering women.

While groundbreaking, many feel the bill is far from perfect. A report by the Mizuho Research Institute gauging the effectiveness of the legislation identifies shortcomings, including a lack of established minimum standards, an inadequate structure for public disclosure, and insufficient structures for addressing career development for nonregular female employees. The report stresses minimum numerical targets, such as for promoting women to managerial positions, should not be one-size-fits-all solutions, but need to reflect the type of industry and company size.

2015 Gender Gap Ranking (previous year in parenthesis)

1	(1)	Iceland	17	(18)	South Africa
2	(3)	Norway	28	(20)	United States
3	(2)	Finland	85	(71)	Brazil
4	(4)	Sweden	91	(87)	China
5	(8)	Ireland	101	(104)	Japan
6	(7)	Rwanda	108	(114)	India
7	(9)	Philippines	115	(117)	South Korea
8	(11)	Switzerland	145	(142)	Yemen
9	(23)	Slovenia
10	(13)	New Zealand

(Originally written in Japanese by Murakami Naohisa of Nippon.com and published on January 8, 2016. Banner photo: Plaintiffs hold up a sign outside the Supreme Court of Japan on December 16, 2015 showing the high court’s ruling against a ban on women remarrying within six months of getting divorced. The bench specified any requirement of more than 100 days to be unconstitutional. In a different case, the court the same day also upheld a statute requiring spouses to take the same surname. © Jiji.)